Modern Psychology The Scientific Study Of Mind And...

The following essay will focus on the emergence of modern psychology, presently understood to be the â€Å"scientific study of mind and behaviour†. Philosophy and experimental physiology have been influential in creating a favourable zeitgeist that ultimately allowed for the transformation of an ancient discipline into the scientific study of the mind. It was 1879 before psychology officially became a science. Previously philosophers endeavoured to understand human nature and the links between the body and the mind - formerly referred to as the soul. In fact, the main concerns of today s psychology, reflect themes that intrigued humanity for thousands of years. â€Å"Psychology has a long past but a short history† (Ebbinghaus, 1908). Therefore†¦show more content†¦His contribution has seen him labelled by some as the founder of modern psychology (Prado, 2009). During the 17TH century under the encouragement of Descartes, one of the most influential rationalists of this period, interactions of the body and mind provoked multitudinous debates. Descartes accepted dualism, the metaphysical stance that mind and body are essentially separate entities, two distinct substances with different natures that interact, mutually influencing one another. The body being mortal, a machine that followed mechanical laws whereas, the mind was immortal, a spiritual being. Descartes theory, the pineal gland is a unique organ situated in the centre of the brain, where all thoughts are processed (Berhouma, 2013). Thought to be mechanical like in their interaction, the mind would accept impressions from the eyes and ears; they would unite in the pineal gland to be considered by the soul, here they would influence the body, for instance, generating the body to move. Whereas the body would create impressions on the pineal gland through nerves, for example, touch, shaping the mind to produce sensations (Mehta, 2001). Descartes believed the mind created two types of ideas, derived and innate, those resulting from external stimuli (sensory experience) and those from consciousness. The acceptance ofShow MoreRelatedSocial And Cultural Context Of Psychology818 Words   |  4 PagesKatja Gavrilina Define the term Psychology and discuss its history in light of social and cultural context, highlighting the significance of different perspectives in Psychology. Psychology is defined as the scientific study of mental processes and human behaviour. It had roots in philosophy and physiology, before becoming an independent scientific discipline in the late 1800 s. Descartes (1641) suggested that the mind and the body work separately, together creating the human experienceRead MoreThe Nature Of Psychology As A Discipline1714 Words   |  7 Pagesrather unfavourable portrayals of psychology, which characterize it as a â€Å"soft†, intuitive subject. It receives a lot of criticism for failing to precisely test and predict the examined phenomena. Psychology is falsely perceived by many as the pure study of the abstract, metaphysical â€Å"mind†. The ambiguity of the concept makes any scientific investigation of human behaviour questionable. However, this belief is a misconception. Although there are aspects of human behaviour that limit the systematic approachRead MorePsychology Is The Scientific Study Of The Human Mind And Its Behav iors1625 Words   |  7 PagesBy definition, Psychology is â€Å"the scientific study of the human mind and its behaviours†. However, originally, Psychology did not begin as a science. The subject of Psychology began in 1879 when the first experimental laboratory was opened by Wilhelm Wundt. Since its establishment, Psychology has progressed into a world-renowned academic discipline with the formation of the first American experimental lab in 1883 and the first doctorate in 1886 which was presented to Joseph Jastrow, who became aRead MorePsychological Approaches : Behaviorism, Cognitive And Humanistic Approach1659 Words   |  7 Pageshumanistic, cognitive and the humanistic approach. This essay will consider the contributions made to therapies in the modern life; evaluate how valid the methodology is using case studies to back up these theories and how they contribute to each other to becoming an approach. The behaviourist psychologists emphasise the role of the environment and how this can affect the behaviour of a person. â€Å"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guaranteeRead MoreIs Psychology A Science?1518 Words   |  7 PagesWhether psychology is a science or not has been a long running debate between psychologists and other scientists alike. There have been various attempts at making psychology a scientific discipline in the past such as the movement from behaviourism into cognitivism. Researchers such as Wundt and Watson have worked hard to bring psychology into the world of scientific research and through the years have made a very good start but have they managed to achieve scientific criteria? Berezow (2012) definedRead MoreThe Theory Of The Mind And Behavior1264 Words   |  6 Pagesthe history of Psychology. We can trace it back to its roots, held deep in philosophy; even ancient Greek philosophers such as Plato introduced the concept of Anamnesis, suggesting that we are born with imprinted knowledge. Aristotle, a student of Plato, theorized the concept that we were born a blank canvas and the development of our minds are sculpted by our experience, demonstrating that modern psychological debates of nature VS nurture, and interests of the functions of the mind, have been discussedRead MoreIs Psychology a Science? Essay1133 Words   |  5 PagesThe British Psychological Society states that ‘Psychology is the scientific study of people, the mind and behaviour’ (BPS). In this essay I will be discussing what is actually meant by this and whether psychology fits into both the traditional views of a science, as well as more contemporary perspectives. It is widel y suggested that Psychology is a â€Å"coalition of specialities† meaning it is multi-disciplinary (Hewstone, Fincham and Foster 2005, page 4). I will therefore examine whether it could beRead MoreThe Theoretical Approaches Of Psychology1651 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology is the scientific â€Å"study of the mind† (Gross, 2015) and behaviour, which includes the study of humans and animals. There are various approaches in modern psychology. A theoretical approach is a perspective which is someone’s view about human behaviour, there can be many different theories within an approach, however they all piece together the same assumptions. (McLeod, 2007). A theory is an attempt by theorists to try to explain behaviour. Theories are not facts but can be verified byRead MoreI Am Looking At Where Psychology As A Discipline1361 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of Psychology In this essay I am looking at where Psychology as a discipline has come from and what affects these early ideas have had on psychology today, Psychology as a whole has stemmed from a number of different areas of study from Physics to Biology, But the first Psychological foundations are rooted in philosophy, which to this day propels psychological inquiry in areas such as language acquisition, consciousness, and even vision among many others. While the great philosophicalRead MoreDiscuss to What Extent Psychology Can Be Considered a Science.1129 Words   |  5 PagesWhat Extent Psychology Can Be Considered a Science. According to Merriam Webster (2008), science is a, â€Å"knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method†, with scientific method in five steps being, â€Å"observation/research, hypothesis, prediction, experimentation and conclusion.† (sciencemadesimple.com, 2006). With this to consider, is psychology a science and if so, to what extent. It would be fair to say that psychology has not always

Essay on Biological Causes of Anorexia Nervosa and...

Biological Causes of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa affect millions of people each year in the United States (1). Popular thought holds that these disorders are caused by women trying to fulfill a culturally imposed ideal body image which stresses thinness. As anorexia and bulimia have proven difficult to treat solely with a psychological-based treatment plan it is likely that there are many factors contributing to these disorders. Research has shown, however, that there is a significant biological component which leads to a manifestation of these disorders (2). Current ideas on the biological origins of anorexia and bulimia will be explored in this paper. These include areas ranging from†¦show more content†¦There is a tremendous discord between actual weight and perceived body weight. While the woman may feel fat she is actually excessively underweight. When she came in for consultation she looked like a walking skeleton. Alma insisted that she looked fine and that there was nothing wron g with her being so skinny. I enjoy having this disease and I want it. I cannot convince myself that I am sick and that there is anything from which I have to recover. (3) Bulimia nervosa is a related disorder which affects two to three percent of young American women (1). This disease is most commonly described as the cycle of eating huge quantities of food, thousands of calories in one sitting, then ridding the body of this food through some form of self purging. Purging is accomplished through excessive exercise, abuse of laxatives or diuretics, enemas, or vomiting. Many of these methods are often incorporated simultaneously. The bulimic frequently thinks this practice of bingeing and purging is disgusting and does so in private, making it hard to detect and treat. Lisa would eat pounds of candy and cake at a time, and often not stop until she was exhausted or in severe pain. Then, overwhelmed with guilt and disgust, she would make herself vomit. (1) Studies have shown genetic predisposition for developing an eating disorder. Females in a family which has a member with an eating disorders are more likely then average women to developShow MoreRelatedEating Disorders And Their Effects On Victims Of Them1281 Words   |  6 Pagescoping mechanism is a cause of eating disorders. They are often paired with other afflictions like depression, anxiety, and abuse. There are three most common eating disorders that will be discussed in this essay, the first one being discussed is anorexia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is defined as an eating disorder in which people suffer an obsession over their weight and body image, resulting in self-starvation and exaggerated weight loss. Many suffering with anorexia severely restricted theRead MoreEating Disorders And The Body Image1573 Words   |  7 Pagesimage. An eating disorder is an ailment that causes severe imbalances to your diet habits that you use everyday, such as gluttonously overeating or not taking in a healthy amount of food. At first, a person with an eating disorder would eat a smaller or larger portion of food, but at some point, the drive to eat less or more becomes out of control. Researchers are finding that eating disorders are caused by a complex interaction of genetic, biological, behavioral, psychological, and social factorsRead MoreTaking a Look at Eating Disorders1708 Words   |  7 Pagesmental as well as physical health. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are the most common types. Others are binge eating disorder and eating disorder not otherwise specified. Classification: †¢ Anorexia nervosa (AN), †¢ Bulimia nervosa (BN), †¢ Eating disorders not otherwise specified †¢ Binge eating disorder (BED) or compulsive overeating, †¢ Pica The two most common types, Anorexia nervosa and Bulimia nervosa are described below: Anorexia Nervosa: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric disorderRead MoreEssay Bulimia Nervosa1311 Words   |  6 PagesBULIMIA NERVOSA 307.51 (F50.2) Introduction Individuals diagnosed with bulimia nervosa undertake frequent binge eating, followed by expelling the food, typically by inducing vomiting, but also through exercising and the use of laxative agents, diuretics, and enemas (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The binge eating occurrences are often prompted by a negative perception of one’s body image, temporarily alleviated by the binge eating episode. Since the individual with bulimia nervosa is overanxiousRead MoreThe Three Main Types Of Eating Disorders1305 Words   |  6 PagesEating Disorders The three main types of eating disorders: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating, are complex pschyatriac disorders. The classification and diagnosis of each disorder is challenging because diagnostic symptoms and behaviours overlap. These disorders consist of various biological, psychological and sociological factors. They frequently coexist with other illnesses such as depression, substance abuse, or anxiety disorders. (ANAD) Eating disorders are commonly associatedRead MoreEssay about Anorexia1456 Words   |  6 PagesAssociation of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders, there are over 24 Million people that suffer from eating disorders.   What is an eating disorder though?   The simple definition of this disease is that a person exhibits abnormal eating behaviors.   There are many different variations to these disorders but they share many of the same characteristics such as: fear of becoming obese, obsession with thinness, food, weight, and even calorie counting.   Of the many cases though what is the main cause of thisRead MoreEating Disorders : Bulimia Nervosa1383 Words   |  6 PagesBulimia Nervosa â€Å"Up to 30 million people of all ages and genders suffer from an eating disorder† (Wade, Keski- Rahkonen, Hudson, 1995). There are many factors which contribute to the development of eating disorders including â€Å"biology, emotional health, and societal expectation, and other issues† (â€Å"Diseases and Conditions Bulimia nervosa†). One of the most prominent eating disorders in America and around the globe has been around since the Middle Ages: â€Å"Bulimia is first reliably described amongRead MoreEating Disorders And Anorexia Nervosa1152 Words   |  5 Pagesdisorders, Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa, has risen notably amongst women in the Western World. Eating disorders (EDs) are mental disorders â€Å"characterized by a persistent disturbance of eating or eating-related behavior that results in the altered consumption or absorption of food and that significantly impairs physical health or psychosocial functioning† (American Psychiatric Association (APA), 2013). The most well-known types of eating disorders are Anorexia and Bulimia. Anorexia is characterizedRead MoreEating Disorders Are Serious Mental Illnesses That Are Not A Choice1535 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many different kinds of eating disorders, but the cause of them is not completely known. The symptoms of eating disorders include obsession with food, appearance, and weight. There are ways to cope with and treat eating disorders with the help of a therapist that is specially trained in eating disorders. The exact cause of eating disorders is not known. Though it is unknown, â€Å"it is generally believed that a combination of biological, psychological, and/or environmental abnormalities contributeRead MoreEye Opener : The Mind And Body1478 Words   |  6 Pagesmost common are Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating. It is only human to wish to look differently or want to lose weight; however, many young people choose an unhealthy route to achieve these goals. The main cause of Anorexia Nervosa is unknown but there a lot of leading factors such as depression, anxiety, being bullied at school, etc. â€Å"Anorexia is a complex condition that arises from a combination of many social, emotional, and biological factors† (Anorexia Nervosa: Signs, Symptoms

Politics In The Gilded Age Essay Example For Students

Politics In The Gilded Age Essay Word Count: 817 Essay Topic 2 Daniel Thompson 739 Words Discuss Politics In The Gilded Age Essay. Include major political events and issues, and the roles of the bloody shirt, corruption, patronage, and reform movements. The term Gilded Age was named for a Mark Twain book. It meant covered with gold, and was applied to this period as a whole. This was a period of corruption in sordid politics. The Republicans and Democrats didnt really have strong opposing beliefs during this period. The Republicans supported high tariffs and sound money. The Democrats supported lower tariffs and expanded currency. Both rural and urban classes supported each party. They worked with spoils and local issues. Both parties worked to please everyone, and to attract voters. Since both parties were so close in strength, it caused the elections to be fought harder. The Republicans used the waving of the bloody shirt tactic. This meant that they brought back the past in order to avoid the real issues. They portrayed the Democrats as rebel traitors. The Republicans were against alcohol. The Stalwarts were led by Senator Conkling from New York and were the hard core machine of elections. Senator Blaine led the Half-Breeds from Maine, and they wanted to be in control of it all. The mugwumps were a group that turned Democrat because of the corruption of the Republican presidential nominee, Senator Blaine. One president was Grant during this period. He was elected into office for his past war experience. He had little knowledge of politics, and depended on his fellow politicians. These men, in turn, involved in scandals to embezzle money from the government. One was the Great Mobilier scandal; it dealt with the Union Pacific Railroad. The Construction Company hired themselves at inflated prices to build railroad lines, and distributed shares of stock to congressmen. A scandal during Grants second term, was the Whisky Ring. This scandal was uncovered in St. Louis, and consisted of selling whiskey without the excise tax. In return it defrauded the government out of millions of dollars. Belknap was selling goods and trading with the Indians for lower prices. During Grants administration the monetary issues were inflation, cheap money, and greenbacks. The debtors, especially farmers, wanted cheap money. However, Grant vetoed the bill to print more money, and supported withdrawing greenbacks from circulation. Hayes won the disputed election. Four states submitted irregular returns. It was disputed if the Republican president of the Senate or the Democratic Speaker of the House should count them. It was decided that an electoral commission made up of fifteen men. There were eight Republicans and seven Democrats, so the Republicans won. The Democrats would only accept this with conditions, one of which was to remove troops from the south. The next president was a political unknown. His name was James Garfield. A disturbed politician shot him in the back at a railroad. This demonstrated the corruption in the patronage system and led to reform. In the next presidential election the Republicans nominated James Blaine and the Democrats supported Grover Cleveland. Both parties were the same on issues and both agreed on tariff and corporate abuses, so it came down to personal issues. Cleveland won the election and was the first Democratic President since before the Civil War. His philosophy of government was almost entirely negative. He believed that the government should not support people. He wanted to reform tariff, but congress postponed it. The Republicans described Clevelands tariff reform as a free trade policy that would ruin American industries and put Americans out of work. The Republicans regain the White House with Benjamin Harrison. The payoffs for industries were high tariffs. The downside was increased government spending. I'm a Digital Dependant Essay The Sherman Silver Purchase Act was passed to help the silver minors and economy. During President Clevelands reelection, the Sherman Silver Purchase Act drained the treasuries. Paper notes were traded for gold, then reissued, and the process would be repeated. The worst depression of that century occurred during Clevelands second term. Cleveland tried to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, but it was too late. Gold was almost depleted, so he borrowed $62 million in gold from J. P. Morgan. The Wilson-Gorman Act reduced tariff slightly, and had a provision that .

The Second Battle of Fallujah

Introduction The Second Battle of Fallujah was the deadliest war that took place during the Iraq War, which occurred in 2004. What led to the Second Battle of Fallujah was the unsuccessful First Battle of Fallujah, which strengthened the insurgents who sought refuge in Fallujah and made it their stronghold during the Iraq War. The insurgents had dominated the city and started attacking American soldiers.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Second Battle of Fallujah specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Brutal killings of Blackwater soldiers prompted the United States military to launch an offensive attack on Fallujah city. According to the United States secretary of defense, the brutal killings provided an opportunity for the United States army â€Å"†¦to push the Sunnis on the Governing Council to step forward and condemn this attack, and we will remember those who do not. It is time for them to choose . They are either with us or against us.†1 To capture the city of Fallujah, the combined forces of the United States, British, and Iraqi soldiers employed an effective battle command. Therefore, this essay analyzes the battle command that General Natonski employed when he mobilized soldiers to conquer the insurgents and capture the city of Fallujah during the Second Battle of Fallujah. Leading Leading a great army is a huge task that requires advanced leadership skills of commanders. What made the Second Battle of Fallujah successful was the ability of General Natonski to lead his troops throughout the offensive attack. Since the insurgents had taken over Fallujah, they used it as their fortified base where they could launch attacks against the American soldiers and their allies from Iraq and Britain. Hence, combined leadership of British, Iraqi, and American armies was significant as it contributed to the successfulness of the Second Battle of Fallujah. Under General Natonski , â€Å"Sergeant Pennell displayed unyielding personal courage while leading his attacking squad through sustained high intensity combat in southern Fallujah.†2 Effective leadership of different troops enabled the United States, British, and Iraqi soldiers to conquer the insurgents in Fallujah. Applications of the same strategies on different troops of soldiers who attacked Fallujah from different points involved great leadership skills. When the insurgents dominated Fallujah and started attacking American soldiers, it was difficult for American soldiers alone to conduct the offensive battle. The combined force of Iraqi, British and the United States army provided a strong army that the insurgents could not conquer.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since diverse troops of soldiers had a common enemy, they shared combat strategies. Leadership enhances organization among so ldiers as it causes feelings, values, attitudes, and behaviors to integrate, and thus â€Å"create a system of processes facilitated by tools.†3 Thus, the organization that the combined forces displayed at the Second Battle of Fallujah weakened the insurgents and eventually led to their utter defeat. Understanding Before embarking on the offensive battle, commanders and soldiers need to have an understanding of the environment under which they operate. American and British soldiers were unfamiliar with the Fallujah and its environment, and thus they took ample time trying to understand the operational environment. To understand the operation environment, General Natonski drew maps that aided in location of the insurgents in the city. Additionally, understanding of the terrain was also necessary so that soldiers could plan on how to navigate through as they advanced to Fallujah. â€Å"Through collaboration and dialogue, knowledge sharing enables an understanding of the operat ional environment, problems to be solved, and approaches to solving them.†4 Collaboration that existed among different troops of soldiers indicated that they had an understanding of their roles and environment. Understanding the nature of the enemy is an important role of a commander and soldiers. Prior to the commencement of the Second Battle of Fallujah, General Natonski ensured that he understood the number of insurgents and their advancement in weaponry. The combined armies had estimated that insurgents in the city were about 5000. The figure enabled the commanders and soldiers to determine the effective force that could overcome the insurgents. According to the United States Army, â€Å"nearly one million tons of arms and ammunition had been stockpiled around the country, in mostly unguarded facilities, free for taking.†5 Such knowledge enhanced understanding of the enemy and promoted effective preparation for the combat.Advertising We will write a custom rese arch paper sample on The Second Battle of Fallujah specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Visualizing Commanders should have a visualizing ability when designing operation process. As different processes of operation exist, commanders should visualize and determine an effective process. â€Å"Army forces combine offensive, defensive, and stability or civil-support operations simultaneously as part of an interdependent joint force to seize, retain, and exploit the initiative, accepting prudent risk to create opportunities to achieve decisive results.†6 In the Second Battle of Fallujah, General Natonski mainly employed offensive battle as the insurgents became defensive in the city. Since the insurgents terrorized Americans and their allies, General Natonski saw that offensive battle was essential to exterminate the insurgents in Fallujah and across Iraq. Before embarking on offensive battle, General Natonski visualized the impact of t he battle on the civilians. The insurgents were using civilians as their shield, and thus making it hard for General Natonski to launch an offensive attack without killing innocent civilians. The combined forces conducted civil support where they assisted civilians to move out of the combat zone to safer places while leaving the insurgents alone in the city.7 General Natonski also visualized that he needed to prevent the insurgents from escaping. Hence, the combined forces created strategic checkpoints where they could only allow innocent civilians to move out of Fallujah and its surroundings. Describing The preliminary task of the commanders in leading soldier is to understand and visualize the problems and their potential solutions, and then describe them to the soldiers. For soldiers to accomplish a given offensive attack, they need to comprehend the magnitude of the problems and estimate the efforts that they require to resolve them.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In Fallujah, the insurgents had prepared well to counter the offensive attack by the combined forces by building bankers, setting obstacles, putting roadblocks, burying mines, and acquiring sophisticated weapons.8 In this view, General Natonski had to describe the impending challenges that the combined soldiers were to face during the ambush so that they could take necessary precautions and reduce the occurrence of unnecessary deaths. Given the impending dangers, General Natonski had to describe how the offensive attack would take place. General Natonski described coordinated attacks by providing extensive description of the plan and command line that soldiers followed without undue confusion. Before commencing a battle, commanders need to describe resources, space, and time, which are necessary for the battle to be successful.9 Underestimation of resources and time is quite dangerous because it increases the vulnerability of soldiers. Given the successfulness of the Second Battle o f Fallujah, General Natonski was able to provide an effective description of the battle, which enabled soldiers to take their critical roles effectively. Directing Directing soldiers to undertake an offensive battle is quite challenging because enemies usually take offensive positions. The ability of a commander to direct armies to follow a given plan of attack and a command line is an integral part of an offensive battle. Since insurgents were ready for the offensive battle, they took a defensive stance. In directing armies, General Natonski designed a way of approaching the city. Different troops of soldiers approached Fallujah from different directions while communicating amongst themselves regarding their advancement into the city.10 General Natonski planned such a coordinated movement to prevent the insurgents from escaping, and thus enhanced their extermination within the city. Additionally, General Natonski employed intelligence in directing his troops as they advanced into t he city. Continued supply of intelligent information enabled soldiers to update their offensive strategies according to the tactics that the insurgents used. The intelligence â€Å"created a loop in which the information gathered during one operation led to a new operation, and the information provided new intelligence for the next one.†11 Whenever the combined forces got the intelligent information, they acted on it promptly, and thus advanced their attacks towards the city without giving the insurgents ample time to counteract their attacks. Assessing Assessing the progression of an offensive battle helps in overcoming new challenges that usually emerge in the course of the battle. To determine if a battle command is effective, commanders should continually perform an assessment of various conditions in an operation. â€Å"Assessment is continuous because it includes monitoring the current situation and progress towards accomplishing those objectives† of an operation .12 The assessment of the battle enables commanders to modify their orders and plans to suit the prevailing conditions of war and overcome tactics that enemies employ. In the Second Battle of Fallujah, it is evident that General Natonski performed continuous assessment of the offensive attack. Every step that the forces took involved operational planning and caution because the insurgents had taken an offensive stance where they prevented the combined forces from entering into the city. â€Å"Commanders achieve decisive results through the effective combination and balance of offensive, defensive, and stability operations across the entire width and depth of their operations.† Whenever they experienced attacks, General Natonski redesigned his operation and issued different orders with a view of balancing offensive and defensive attacks, as well as stabilizing operations. Conclusion Although the Second Battle of Fallujah was the deadliest battle in the Iraq War, the combined f orces of British, Iraqi, and the United States troops managed to defeat the insurgents. The defeat was possible because the battle command that General Natonski applied in the battle was effective since he used various strategies in launching an offensive battle. Hence, the Second Battle of Fallujah provides valuable lessons that soldiers need to apply in undertaking any offensive battles. Bibliography Camp, Dick. Operations Fury: The Assault and Capture of Fallujah, Iraq. New York: Zenith Imprint, 2009. Department of the Army. â€Å"Knowledge Management Operations.† Field Manual (16 July 2012): 1-82. Accessed from https://armypubs.army.mil/ Lowry, Richard. New Dawn: The battles for Fallujah. New York: Casemate Publishers, 2007. Williams, Wallace. â€Å"FM-0 Operations: The Army’s Blueprint.† Military Review 88, no. 2 (2008): 2-17. Endnotes 1 Dick Camp. Operations Fury: The Assault and Capture of Fallujah, Iraq (New York: Zenith Imprint, 2009), 6. 2 Richard Lowr y. New Dawn: The battles for Fallujah (New York: Casemate Publishers, 2007), 321. 3 Department of the Army. â€Å"Knowledge Management Operations.† Field Manual (16 July 2012):1-82. 4 Department of the Army. (16 July 2012), 11 5 Richard Lowry. (2009), 20. 6 Wallace Williams. â€Å"FM-0 Operations: The Army’s Blueprint.† Military Review 88, no. 2 (2008): 4. 7 Dick Camp. (2009), 170. 8 Richard Lowry. (2009), 20. 9 Wallace Williams. (2008), 5 10 Dick Camp. (2009), 123. 11 Richard Lowry. (2009), 60. 12 Department of the Army. (16 July 2012), 31. This research paper on The Second Battle of Fallujah was written and submitted by user Eleanor Rutledge to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Quiz About Missing Connections

A Quiz About Missing Connections A Quiz About Missing Connections A Quiz About Missing Connections By Mark Nichol Writing is often compromised by a writer’s failure to think a sentence through to its logical conclusion. Often, along the way, a small but crucial word or phrase is omitted that leaves a gap in a parallel construction, thereby contributing to the reader’s confusion. In each sentence below, determine the missing element, then check my revisions at the bottom of the page to see how our solutions compare: 1. â€Å"The corporation runs hydropower plants from Maine to Montana.† 2. â€Å"Because Martinez was so young, it was natural to compare his potential with Hall of Fame pitcher Sandy Koufax.† 3. â€Å"If she could, she would travel to Saturn to see the rings as well as other galaxies to see if there is life elsewhere.† 4. â€Å"Remember the sixties dream of an entire meal served in a pill, like the Jetsons?† 5. â€Å"The practice field utilizes the same dirt on the warning track as the team’s home stadium.† Answers and Explanations 1. The impression is that the plants are somehow interconnected in a continuous string from one state to the next, rather than that the plants can be found in various states in and between the two states mentioned. Complete the thought with the addition of a phrase that clarifies that the plants are located intermittently and eliminates the possible misapprehension: â€Å"The corporation runs hydropower plants in many parts of the country, from Maine to Montana.† 2. The comparison should not be described as the one between Martinez’s potential and Sandy Koufax; it should be between the respective potentials of the two men. That distinction is clarified by the addition of two words that indicate the true parallel relationship: â€Å"Because Martinez was so young, it was natural to compare his potential with that of Hall of Fame pitcher Sandy Koufax.† 3. As written, the sentence suggests that the subject desires to travel to Saturn to see two features the planets rings and other galaxies – both for the purposes of determining whether life exists elsewhere besides Earth. But the two things she wishes to experience are Saturn’s rings and other galaxies and only in the latter case because she’s curious about the possible existence of extraterrestrial life. This significant misunderstanding is due to one small but important omission: The sentence is missing a preposition before the reference to other galaxies that parallels the one before â€Å"Saturn to see the rings†: â€Å"If she could, she would travel to Saturn to see the rings, as well as to other galaxies to see if there is life elsewhere.† 4. This sentence implies that the Jetsons constituted an entire meal served in a pill. However, the writer is referring to a futuristic idea reminiscent of something that might have appeared, or perhaps did appear, in the 1960s animated television series The Jetsons referring to the program, not the family featured in it and that’s what the sentence should indicate: â€Å"Remember the sixties dream of an entire meal served in a pill, as in The Jetsons?† 5. The suggestion here is that the dirt on the warning track at the practice field is dug up and deposited in the home stadium and that it is shuttled back and forth repeatedly. What the writer means is that the dirt on the practice field’s warning track and the dirt on the home stadium’s warning track are from the same source. This fact must be explicated in such detail, including specifying that the dirt in question at the home stadium is to be found not just generally within the structure, but, more precisely, on its warning track: â€Å"The practice field utilizes the same type of dirt on the warning track as that found on the perimeter of the team’s home stadium.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Math or Maths?8 Types of Parenthetical Phrases5 Keys to Better Sentence Flow

Burmese Python Snake Facts

Burmese Python Snake Facts The Burmese python (Python bivittatus) is the third-largest species of snake in the world. Although native to tropical southern Asia, the beautifully patterned, docile snakes are popular throughout the world as pets. Fast Facts: Burmese Python Scientific Name: Python bivittatusCommon Name: Burmese pythonBasic Animal Group: ReptileSize: 12 feetWeight: 15-165 poundsDiet: CarnivoreLifespan: 20 yearsHabitat: Tropical rainforests of southern Asia; invasive in FloridaPopulation: Unknown; rare in the wildConservation Status: Vulnerable Description The wild form of the snake has black-bordered brown blotches on a lighter brown background. Captive-bred species come in other colors and patterns, including albino, green, labyrinth, and granite morphs. Albino Burmese Python. Stuart Dee / Getty Images Wild pythons average 3.7 m (12.2 ft), but specimens exceeding 4 m (13 ft) are not uncommon. Rarely, snakes attain lengths between 5 and 6 meters in length. Females are slightly larger than males, but much thicker and heavier. Recorded weights of mature females range from 14 to 75 kg (30 to 165 lb), while weights of males range from 7 to 15 kg (15 to 33 lb). Dwarf forms of the snake occur in some parts of its range and in captivity. Habitat and Distribution Burmese pythons live in tropical regions of southern Asia, always near a permanent source of water. While they are excellent climbers with prehensile tails, they may be found in grasslands and marshes as well as woodlands and jungles. The species is invasive in the southeastern United States. Burmese python range in Asia. Termininja   Diet Like other terrestrial snakes, burmese pythons are carnivores that feed mainly on mammals and birds. The snake is a constrictor that captures and kills prey by biting it and holding it with its rear-pointing teeth, wrapping its coils around prey, contracting its muscles, and suffocating the animal. Prey size depends on snake size. A young python may eat rodents, while a mature specimen can take livestock, adult deer, and alligators. Burmese pythons dont hunt humans, but they have caused some deaths. Burmese pythons adapt their physiology to prey availability. The snakes are opportunistic and will eat whenever prey is offered. Obesity is common in captive specimens. When fasting, the snake has a normal heart volume, reduced stomach volume and acidity, and reduced intestinal mass. Once prey is ingested, the ventricle of the snakes heart increases 40% in mass to aid digestion, its intestines gain mass, and its stomach enlarges and produces more acid. The Burmese python is an apex predator that doesnt face many threats by other animals. Hatchlings may be preyed upon by birds of prey and other carnivores. In Florida, Burmese pythons, depending on their size, may be preyed upon by alligators and crocodiles. Behavior Burmese pythons are primarily nocturnal. Younger, smaller snakes are equally comfortable in trees or on the ground, while larger, more massive snakes prefer the rainforest floor. Most of the snakes time is spent hidden in underbrush. The snakes can stay underwater up to 30 minutes and are excellent swimmers. In cold weather, the snake may brumate in a tree. Brumation is a period of motionlessness and low metabolism, but it isnt the same as true hibernation. Reproduction and Offspring Mating occurs in early spring. Females lay clutch of 12 to 36 eggs in March or April. They incubate the eggs until they hatch by wrapping around them and twitching their muscles to release heat. The female leaves the eggs once they hatch. A hatchling uses its egg tooth to break free of its shell and may remain with the egg until after molting before venturing out to hunt. Burmese pythons live about 20 years. There is evidence Burmese pythons, unlike most reptiles, can reproduce asexually via parthenogenesis. One captive female, isolated from males, produced viable eggs for five years. A genetic analysis confirmed the offspring were genetically identical to their mother. Conservation Status The IUCN lists the Burmese python as vulnerable within its range. All of the large pythons face challenges because they are killed to make leather, used in folk medicine, eaten as food, and captured for the pet trade. To a lesser extent, habitat destruction affects the snakes, too. While the Burmese python occupies a large range, its population has continued to decline. Invasive Species in Florida Meanwhile, the snakes population growth in Florida poses a significant threat to other wildlife. The Burmese python gained a foothold in the United States when Hurricane Andrew destroyed a python breeding facility in 1992. The escaped snakes spread into the Everglades. The release or escape of pet snakes has contributed to the problem. As of 2007, Burmese pythons were found in Mississippi and throughout much of Florida. Where the snakes are well-established, populations of foxes, rabbits, raccoons, opossums, white-tailed deer, panthers, coyotes, and birds are seriously depressed or have disappeared. Pythons compete with the American alligator and also prey upon it. Pets and livestock in affected regions are at risk, as well. Florida sponsors hunting contests; regulates the importation, breeding, and sale of reptiles; and works to raise public awareness of invasive species. However, Burmese pythons remain a problem in the southeastern United States. Sources Campden-Main SM.  A Field Guide to the Snakes of South Vietnam. Washington, District of Columbia. pp. 8-9, 1970.Mazzotti, F. J., Rochford, M., Vinci, J., Jeffery, B. M., Eckles, J. K., Dove, C., Sommers, K. P. Implications of the 2013 Python Challenge ® for Ecology and Management of Python molorus bivittatus (Burmese python) in Florida.  Southeastern Naturalist,  15(sp8), 63-74, 2016.Stuart, B.; Nguyen, T.Q.; Thy, N.; Grismer, L.; Chan-Ard, T.; Iskandar, D.; Golynsky, E. Lau, M.W.N. Python bivittatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2012: e.T193451A2237271. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T193451A2237271.enWalters, T. M., Mazzotti, F. J., Fitz, H. C. Habitat Selection by the Invasive Species Burmese Python in Southern Florida.  Journal of Herpetology,  50(1), 50-56, 2016.Van Mierop, LHS and S.M. Barnard. Observations on the reproduction of Python molurus bivittatus (Reptilia, Serpentes, Boidae). Journal of Herpetology. 10: 333–340, 1976. doi:10.23 07/1563071

Television as a Cultural Transporter in Human Lives Essay

Television as a Cultural Transporter in Human Lives - Essay Example Man has been benefiting by the abovementioned term that has powerfully provided an informative, as well as, interactive platform throughout the world. Briefly, various services and resources have been collected and provided by the television in an entertaining manner for the improvement and promotion of humankind. In the history of humankind, the field of communication has developed a lot, and one of the most outstanding innovations is conceivably, the television. (Burns, pp. 52-56, 1998) However, everything has its advantages, as well as, disadvantages, and it depends upon the person to either benefit by it, or allow the matter to harm the surroundings. Thus, television and television broadcasting has also advantages, as well as, drawbacks; however, disadvantages have been outweighed by the superior enormity of its advantages. Although, it is a common thought that the principle ingredients of the television are dramas, soaps, advertising, and the news. However, television constitutes of more than the abovementioned tools and resources, which will be discussed in this paper. Nowadays, contemporary state of affairs has been benefiting by this tool, which has proved itself as one of the best among rest of the world. Today, a single room has been presented as a new and innovative appearance of the whole globe. (Dornfield, pp. 51-54, 1998) Currently, a student can even acquire his education on the television without even standing up from his chair. On the other hand, a businessperson can make a deal by being updated of best suppliers, as well as, latest technologies around the world without any visa application, as well as, without any travelling expenses, which was not possible some decades ago. Moreover, a South African can catch latest news of an event occurring in United Kingdom, which has only become possible due to the availability of the television broadcasting in almost every corner of the world. In addition, hundreds of channels can be seen and entertain millions of viewers and captivate them within some remote clicks, and without collecting the videos that require lots of space. Interestingly, shopping can also be done on television within minutes with the help of credit cards without roaming in the rush of shopping malls, which has been greatly appreciated by the female populace of the globe. Thus, television has become a matter of just fingertips, and has promoted, as well as, assisted the humans in achieving a better and improved place in their lives. (Cole, pp. 32-38, 1970) In other words, a small global village has been formed by the creation and introduction of television into the human lives. Communication has become a matter of seconds from one corner of the world to another. A number of news channels have been established to provide current affairs, recent updates, breaking news, business news, etc. to millions of viewers from different and diverse cultures around the globe. Reliability and speed is being innovated and improved day by day, which has changed the perceptions of humans at all. It is now just a fraction of second to check the weather report of an African city, or study the European culture from the

Critically assess the relevance of classical management approaches and Essay

Critically assess the relevance of classical management approaches and the human relations approach to understanding present day - Essay Example Centuries ago, the theorists and management experts realized the need of developing some principles and theories to guide the managers in performing their tasks (Kotter and Cohen, 2002, p195). There have been several important management approaches developed and proposed by the theorist from time to time. These theories are based upon different approaches of managing people and work. The classical management and human relation approaches proposed by Fayol, Taylor and Mayo have been regarded as some major management approaches that have also proved their successful implications and practicability to the working organizations. These approaches remained in practice for several decades and also criticise on several grounds due to the weaknesses identified (Beissinger, 1988, p83). The essay aims to examine the relevance of classical management theory and human relation approach to understand the present day organization with the help of relevant literature. The essay examines the key prop ositions of these theories and discusses weaknesses and implications to the work organization. These approaches are also analysed to find their practicability in the modern world. It is unveiled that present day organizations need dynamic management theories and approaches that could be attained through developing set of management practice principles and these theories could not alone work to guide managers towards efficient management of the organizations. Classical Management Approach The classical approach towards management has been regarded as one of the earliest thought of management. It evolved during the industrial revolution era during the problems related with the management of factory system started appearing very commonly and the managers felt the need of system that could provide them guidelines for the solution of their problems. The managers at that time did not had exact ideas about the training of their employees neither they were adequately able to deal with them. As a result there was considerable increase in the labour dissatisfaction and the need to find the solution became even more critical and important (Kotter and Cohen, 2002, p195). In this situation, the classical management theory was developed to provide the best way for forming and managing the tasks. The classical approach was basically made up of two branches including classical scientific and classical administrative approaches. The classical management approach recognizes the defining role of management within an organization. It asserts that the management has the most important role in running any business or factory (Taylor, 1903, p143). There were some early theorists that played role in the development of the classical management theory. For instance, French industrialist Fayol identifies the need of critical responsibility of management in early 1900s. Frederic Taylor – the father of scientific management believes that organizations are required to study the task s in order to develop precise and appropriate procedures for conducting the tasks. He proves that this study will increase the productivity of the plant and then he also developed incentive system to meet the new standards. Later the purely scientific examination of the working environment and organizations conducted by F.W. Taylor and Fayol identified six major functions of an industrial undertaking. These functions include technical, commercial, financial, security, accounting and managerial

Internal Building Security Proposal Essay Example for Free

Internal Building Security Proposal Essay Internal Building Security Proposal Access Control is an important part of any business. Anytime a business is under construction it will be more vulnerable to threats and attacks. Construction will need more protection because of the ability to gain easier access to a building because of the open areas within the building. Certain areas in a building are a target for attacks. Some areas are higher risk because of the information or high-value assets within the building. Access Control is the best way to wing out some threats and minimize other threats. Each individual at an access point will have several types of protection such as gates, lighting, cameras, detectors, sensors and other devices that can check individuals thoroughly and make sure each one is authorized to be in the building. Keeping individuals out that have no authorization can lower threats and minimizes chances of damage occurring externally. Access control will work from the outside in to protect a business. Technology is continuing to get better and there are a lot more devices available that can enhance security and help assist the personnel when concerning responsibilities. Access control still needs the support of security personnel to make sure all the devices are functioning properly. Technology has to be maintained to run properly and do what it is designed to do. Access Control was created to keep unwanted individuals from entering a location and to prevent from any employees or personnel from leaving with any valuable information unnoticed. There are so many ways to access a building that any vulnerable areas may be threatened at some point. Access control helps to minimize the vulnerabilities and lower threats against a business. Construction on a building will leave certain areas vulnerable and will be more difficult to secure because of all the individuals coming from outside of the business to do a job. More people can mean more threats, this will need more protection. Some of the types of technology that are becoming popular for protection are wireless access points, cameras, sensors,  detectors, wands, and computers. Security personnel are using these devices to detect and deter crime in the work environment (University of Phoenix, 2008). Wireless Access points and surveillance are becoming more common because of the portability. It is more difficult to carry around a big computer for monitoring purposes and access control. A wireless computer is much more compact and lighter to carry around while handling the responsibilities of monitoring employees at an access point. A building will also have a way for security personnel to monitor different areas of the building by using cameras. A wireless computer can make it easier to monitor these different areas all in one area. Cameras will not take the place of security but can make it easier for security to cover more ground successfully and still be able to perform other duties. One advantage that cameras have is that as long as maintenance is kept up that cameras will run non-stop even when security is unavailable or just in a different location. Crime can still occur with security on patrol. Areas more vulnerable can use cameras to help catch any activity that seems out of place. In most instances cameras are only viewed when something has already occurred and can validate an individual’s where physical where about during a certain time period. Sensors are a growing trend at access points. Many industrial buildings will have products that employees will have contact with during a work day. A business will use sensors on products to keep track of the location, while in the building. One product may be received and shipped from one location to the next until the process is complete and ready to be shipped to another building. Sensors can also be caught at access points if individuals attempt to leave the building with a product without authorization. One device that can find such sensors is the detector. At several access points for employees’ detectors will be present and scanned over an individual to ensure that no sensors are found before leaving a building during lunch and after work hours. A wand is just one type of detector that will scan and have an alarm go off when it detects certain materials. Individuals will have to physically take anything out of their pockets and show that it is not a business product. Another type of detector is a full body detector that can detect different objects on a person without having to do a strip search. Computers is somet hing that is storing more data for a business and also it has the capability of doing other tasks  such as viewing camera feed during recording, and keeping track of authorization, cards, and keys for employees. At different access gates, a card will need scanning before entering. A computer can make sure that the card scanned at the gate is valid. A private intranet will hold information for a business about employees, customers, employers, and the business products and services. This type of device will have access points within the system. A computer will have a private server but is still running on the internet and can be hacked. Hackers will try and find ways to access the information and retrieve or damage it. A business can find ways to strengthen the access points into the private database and prevent hackers from accessing business information. A computer will have software, updates, passwords, and programs to protect intruders from hacking thedatabase without authorization. Computers need protection to prevent from damage. A system that has been hacked can corrupt the system and make it unusable. A way of protecting a system before it is damaged is having a back-up system. If the system is destroyed the back-up can make a business more prepared for any threats or damage to restore the system back to normal (University of Phoenix, 2011). A business will have certain areas that contain more vital information or equipment that can be threatened by construction. Areas that are more high-value need more layers of protection against any threats. Data of a business will contain information such as customer records which will have information, such as where they live, telephone numbers, full names, social security numbers and more which can be used to commit other crimes such as fraud. High-value areas are more vulnerable because the amount of damage that can be done will cost more than in other areas of the building. For instance, bathrooms of a facility will have little to no products and are less of a risk than an office. So the security will focus more on offices because of the amount of value. Some areas may only include security cameras for monitoring an area. A big high-value area could include the main power room. This area can cause damage to not only the building but also to the equipment. The main power room may have heavier walls, more cameras, passwords, security personnel, and other types of protection. There are several considerations that should be kept in mind such as who can access the room, who will be working in a room that is in the high-value areas? High-value rooms will be threatened  normally both internally and externally. If a construction area is near anything high-value at a business, extra precautions may be taken to make sure the area is secure from both types of threats. Internal building security is important to have for every business to protect the business. A business has many assets that are unable to protect themselves. Security personnel are hired to protect the business, the people, and the environment. In a new building security will be less effective because of financial status and experience with threats. The type of threats will vary and the only way to avoid vulnerabilities is attempting to use other existing buildings methods when concerning access control, surveillance, and the protection of high-value areas. A business has to prepare for threats before they occur and then deal with new ones as they arise if there is no prior experience with the type of threat. For example, hackers are always finding ways to hack a system. No code or encryption that is created is identical and all the programs and software in the world can protect a business from all threats. A business needs constant management to evolve with society and the new changes. Taking advantage of new technologies will improve the chance of success for both the business and security. References University of Phoenix. (2008). Design and Evaluation of Physical Protection and Systems.

Civil War on Pompey Essay -- History War Caesar Essays

Civil War on Pompey In 49 B.C., Gaius Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon with his army, declaring civil war on Pompey and his supporters in the Senate. In this paper, I will explore the political and legal issues that pushed Caesar to the brink. Looking at Rome’s political struggles at the dawn of the first century B.C., it becomes apparent that the groundwork for Caesar’s Republic shattering revolt was lain down by Marius and Sulla. To be more specific, the stage was set by the class struggles between the Aristocracy, who demanded control of the Republic by virtue of tradition, and the masses, which demanded a voice. Marius made a major step in pushing the Republic towards constitutional upheaval when, in 107 B.C., he abolished the property requirements for military service (Meier, 29). Not only did these impoverished soldiers depend on their commander rather than the State for their fiscal support, but they were also promised land in newly conquered provinces upon the completion of the service. While enlarging the pool from which the Roman Army drew its volunteer soldiers, this change in policy brought about a dangerous shift in political power. It was for this reason that the Senate opposed nearly every land law placed before it. If a gifted commander was able to enrich his soldiers through plunder, and give them land to settle after the campaign, â€Å"the soldiers might feel a greater obligation to their commander than to the Senate (Meier, 29).† This circumstance is an essential ingredient for civil war, more so, possible, than any other. In 88 B.C., King Mithridates of Pontus invaded the Roman Province of Asia. Cornelius Sulla, one of the consuls, was chosen to lead the Roman legions against him by the Senate.... ...ials and tribulations during the 51 years before Caesar’s revolt. Rome’s political systems were in such a degraded state that had Caesar been unsuccessful; someone else would have shortly followed. It was the actions of Marius and Sulla, not the ambitious dreams of a young man, which were ultimately responsible. Works Cited Dickinson, John. Death of a Republic. New York, Macmillan, 1963. Meier, Christian. Caesar. New York: BasicBooks/HarperCollins, 1995. Sabben-Clare, J. P. Caesar and Roman Politics 60-50 B.C.: source material in translation. Bristol: Bristol Classics, 1981. Plutarch. Fall of the Roman Republic. Trans. Rex Warner. New York: Penguin USA, 1972. Caesar, C. Julius. Civil Wars. Trans. A. G. Peskett. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Caesar, C. Julius. The Gallic Wars. Trans. H. J. Edwards, C.B. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Being a Teacher Essay

* Among the given characteristics or qualities of an effective teacher, what do you think is the most important professional and personal quality to become an effective teacher? In my opinion, one must have an understanding and appreciation of the teaching profession so that he/she may become an effective teacher. With this professional quality, everything else follows. Try to imagine two different teachers: a very passionate one, and someone who teaches just to earn money. Obviously, the passionate one is more effective than the other because he/she loves and enjoys his/her job. Teaching isn’t just about sharing what you know to the learners, it is also about making a significant change in their lives. To be a teacher isn’t that easy. One must be a role model to others by being conscious with his/her traits. Being empathic, kind, helpful, and patient are some personal qualities of an effective teacher which I admire most. Teachers are once learners like every one of us, and they continue to be learners because learning is a continuous process; therefore, they probably understand how we feel. It is important that a teacher is willing to do his/her part in educating the learners patiently because as discussed in our class, learning is unique and individualized. Slow learners need extra help from the teacher to be able to catch up with the fast learners. Furthermore, a kind person would most likely inspire others by encouraging and influencing them to improve themselves; however, the learners themselves must also do their part to gain knowledge successfully. * As a future health educator, how will you prepare yourself to do the duty of imparting knowledge and expertise to your patients or students? To be a health educator needs a lot of preparation. As early as now, I must observe how other educators teach so that I could learn the dos and don’ts of teaching. Also, I must observe a healthy lifestyle; practice communicating well, and keep myself updated of recent findings about health. I hope that my interest in teaching could further be developed for me to become an effective educator. *Considering the fact that there are barriers that would affect the teaching and learning process i. e.  cultural, social, psychological, and language difficulties: give specific interventions on how to transcend these barriers in effecting change in knowledge, skills, and attitude among your learners. For the cultural barrier, we must learn to respect others’ beliefs and practices to avoid any misunderstanding; besides, we also want to be respected by others, don’t we? Also, we must be aware of the different cultures so that we may render appropriate care to our clients. For the social barrier, we must not be afraid to meet new people. Be open to build bridges of friendship; but be cautious, as well. Avoid trusting someone you don’t know well for your own sake. For the psychological barrier, we must reflect about our achievements, failures, view of self, stressful activities etc from time to time so that we may overcome this hindrance. We may also consult a psychologist especially in worst cases. For the language difficulties, we must be eager to learn different languages so that communication may be made easy. Moreover, we must know when to use a certain language depending on the student/client’s ability to understand.

14th Amendment

More often than not, most Americans look upon the constitution as the guiding light of our country. Recent events occurring in our national election no doubt prove that. There are many important amendments to our Constitution regarding our rights as citizens and the delegation of powers to branches and states. However, I believe that the 14th amendment is the most important to our constitution. When the 14th Amendment was ratified in 1868, it put a whole new spin on our Constitution, far surpassing the importance of any amendment before it or sense. There are several crucial unconditional rights that are granted to everyone in the preamble of the Constitution. They are the rights to life, liberty, and property. We are also guaranteed a fair and due process of the law as stated by the 5th amendment. This brings our nation more closer to total equality than ever. Even though there will always be discrimination, this amendment will allow us to be protected under the law, so that wherever we are in our country, we will be protected and have the same rules applied to us that will effect our constitutional rights. These unconditional rights, reaffirmed by the 14th amendment, are the core structure behind our Constitution. The 14th Amendment also helps promote strong centralized government. By limiting the states power, this amendment gives more power to the federal branch of government. This in turn strengthens the power of congress as well. Strengthening America with a better range in which it can affect its citizens is priceless to our country. By treating all the states equally, this amendment helps bring the states of this nation together. One of the great qualities about this amendment is that it grants many freedoms to the states and as the country as a whole. Without the 14th Amendment, none of us would be guaranteed the rights stated in the other Amendments. Section 1 of the 14th amendment states that No state shall make or enforce any law, which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States. This ensures that any and all citizens are free from unconstitutional state or local actions. It is hard to appreciate how life would be if the states could take away freedoms and fundamental rights as they wished. All of our rights stated in the Constitution would then become frivolous, because the states would then simply dictate or alter our so-called rights. The 14th Amendment recognizes and discusses the most important right amongst our people in this country: who has the right to be a citizen. Section 1 of the 14th Amendment grants all people born or naturalized in the United States citizenship. Although the Constitution states that all men are created equal, before this amendments passage, only white landowners were considered citizens. Many minorities and people without a land title were not protected under the Constitution. The United States places the values of equality and equal protection high on the social ladder. The ratification of the 14th Amendment guaranteed equal protection under the law of all citizens. Although some argue that the 1st Amendment is more pivotal in providing privileges, without the 14th Amendment, many of the residents of the United States would not be granted the benefits of the 1st Amendment. Based on the evidence presented, the 14th Amendment is, without a doubt, the most important amendment to our Constitution. Without this Amendment, all of the other amendments would most likely be corrupted by the states we live in. The 14th Amendment is a symbol of freedom that America has given us as citizens. It was given to us not only help protect ourselves, but also to help build and bring together all of our Constitutional rights, and without this amendment, those freedoms as we know today might not have existed. That is why I believe that the 14th amendment is the most important and vital amendment to our great Constitution.

4 Icebreaker Activities for Use Year Round

4 Icebreaker Activities for Use Year Round A positive school climate improves outcomes for students, especially those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. A positive school climate also contributes to academic achievement. Creating a positive school climate that offers such benefits can start in the classroom, and one way to start is by using icebreakers. Although icebreakers do not outwardly appear academic, they are a first step to building a positive classroom climate. According to researchers  Sophie Maxwell et al. in their report The Impact of School Climate and School Identification on Academic Achievement in Frontier Psychology (12/2017), the more positively students perceived school climate, the better their achievement scores were in the numeracy and writing domains. Included in these perceptions were  connections to a class and  the strength of relationships with school staff.   Fostering feelings of trust and acceptance in relationships is difficult when students do not know how to talk to each other. Developing empathy and making connections come from interactions in an informal environment. An emotional connection to  a classroom or school will  improve a students motivation to attend. Teachers might use the following four activities at the beginning of school. They each can be adapted to refresh classroom collaboration and cooperation at various times of the year. Crossword Connection This activity includes visual symbols of connection and self-introductions. The teacher prints her name on the board, leaving some space between each letter. She then tells the class something about herself. Next, she picks a student to come to the board, tell something about themselves  and print their name crossing the teachers name as in a crossword puzzle. Students take turns by saying something about themselves and adding their names. Volunteers copy the completed puzzle as a poster.  The puzzle could be written on paper taped to the board and left up in the first-draft form to save time. This activity can be extended by asking each student to write their name and a statement about themselves on a sheet of paper. The teacher can then use the statements as clues for class names made with crossword puzzle software. TP Surprise Students will know you are full of fun with this one. The teacher welcomes students at the door at the start of class while holding a roll of toilet paper. He or she instructs students to take as many sheets as they need but refusing to explain the purpose. Once the class begins, the teacher asks students to write one interesting thing about themselves on each sheet. When students are finished, they can introduce themselves by reading each sheet of toilet paper. Variation: Students write one thing they hope or expect to learn in the course this year on each sheet. Take a Stand The purpose of this activity is for students to survey their peers positions quickly on various matters. This survey also combines physical movement with topics that range from the serious to the ridiculous. The teacher puts one long line of tape down the center of the room, pushing desks out of the way so that students can stand on either side of the tape. The teacher reads a  statement with either-or answers such as, I prefer night or day, Democrats or Republicans, lizards or snakes. The statements can range from silly trivia to serious content. After hearing each statement, students agreeing with the first response move to one side of the tape and those agreeing with the second, to the other side  of the tape. Undecided or middle-of-the-roaders are allowed to straddle the line of tape. Jigsaw Search Students especially enjoy the search aspect of this activity. The teacher prepares jigsaw puzzle shapes. The shape may be symbolic of a topic or in different colors. These are cut like a jigsaw puzzle with the number of pieces matching the desired group size from two to four. The teacher allows students to select one puzzle piece from a container as they walk into the room. At the designated time, students search the classroom for peers who have puzzle pieces that fit theirs and then team up with those students to perform a task. Some  tasks might be to introduce a partner, to make a poster defining a concept, or to decorate the puzzle pieces and make a mobile. The teacher may have students print their names on both sides of their puzzle piece in order to facilitate name learning during the search activity. The names could be erased or crossed out so the puzzle pieces can be reused. Later, the puzzle pieces can be used as a way to review subject content, for example, by joining an author and his novel, or an element and its properties. Note: If the number of puzzle pieces does not match the number of students in the room, some students will not have a complete group. Leftover puzzle pieces can be placed on a table for students to check to see if their group will be short members.

Biography of Marian Anderson, American Singer

Biography of Marian Anderson, American Singer Marian Anderson (February 27, 1897–April 8, 1993) was an American singer known for her solo performances of lieder, opera, and American spirituals. Her vocal range was almost three octaves, from low D to high C, which allowed her to express a broad range of feelings and moods appropriate to the various songs in her repertoire. The first black artist to perform at the Metropolitan Opera, Anderson broke numerous color barriers over the course of her career. Fast Facts: Marian Anderson Known For: Anderson was an African-American singer and one of the most popular concert performers of the 20th century.Born: February 27, 1897 in Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaParents: John Berkley Anderson and Annie Delilah RuckerDied: April 8, 1993 in Portland, OregonSpouse: Orpheus Fisher (m. 1943–1986) Early Life Marian Anderson was born in Philadelphia on February 27, 1897. She demonstrated a talent for singing at a very young age. At 8 years old, she was paid 50 cents for a recital.  Marian’s mother was a member of a Methodist church, but the family was involved in music at Union Baptist Church, where her father was a member and an officer. At Union Baptist Church, young Marian sang first in the junior choir and later in the senior choir.  The congregation nicknamed her the â€Å"baby contralto,† though she sometimes sang soprano or tenor. She saved money from doing chores around the neighborhood to buy a violin and later a piano. She and her sisters taught themselves how to play. Marian’s father died in 1910, either of work injuries or a brain tumor.  The family moved in with Marian’s paternal grandparents. Marian’s mother did laundry to support the family and later worked as a cleaning woman in a department store.  After Marian graduated from grammar school, Anderson’s mother became seriously ill with the flu and Marian took some time off from school to raise money through her singing to help support the family. After high school, Marian was accepted into Yale University, but she did not have the funds to attend. In 1921, however, she received a music scholarship from the National Association of Negro Musicians.  She had been in Chicago in 1919 at the first meeting of the organization. The church members collected funds to hire Giuseppe Boghetti as a voice teacher for Anderson for a year; after that, he donated his services. Under his coaching, she performed at Witherspoon Hall in Philadelphia.  He remained her tutor and, later, her advisor, until his death. Early Music Career Anderson toured with Billy King, an African-American pianist who also served as her manager, at schools and churches. In 1924, Anderson made her first recordings with the Victor Talking Machine Company.  She gave a recital in New York’s Town Hall in 1924 to a mostly white audience and considered quitting her musical career when the reviews were poor.  But a desire to help support her mother brought her back to the stage. Boghetti urged Anderson to enter a national contest sponsored by the New York Philharmonic.  She placed first among 300 contestants, which led to a concert in 1925 at Lewisohn Stadium in New York City where she sang with the New York Philharmonic. The reviews this time were more enthusiastic. Anderson went to London in 1928. There, she made her European debut at Wigmore Hall on September 16, 1930. She also studied with teachers who helped her expand her musical capacities.  In 1930, Anderson performed in Chicago at a concert sponsored by the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority, which had made her an honorary member.  After the concert, representatives from the Julius Rosewald Fund contacted her and offered her a scholarship to study in Germany. There, she studied with Michael Raucheisen and Kurt Johnen. Success in Europe In 1933 and 1934, Anderson toured Scandinavia, performing 30 concerts funded in part by the Rosenwald Fund.  She performed for the kings of Sweden and Denmark. She was enthusiastically received;  Jean Sibelius invited her to meet with him and dedicated â€Å"Solitude† to her. Coming off her success in Scandinavia, Anderson made her Paris debut in May 1934. She followed France with a tour in Europe, including England, Spain, Italy, Poland, the Soviet Union, and Latvia.  In 1935, she won the Prix de Chant in Paris. Return to America Sol Hurok, an American impresario, took over management of her career in 1935, and he was a more aggressive manager than her previous American manager had been.  Hurok organized a tour of the United States. Her first concert was a return to Town Hall in New York City.  She hid a broken foot and cast well, and critics raved about her performance.  Howard Taubman, a critic for The New York Times (and later a ghostwriter of her autobiography), wrote, â€Å"Let it be said from the outset, Marian Anderson has returned to her native land one of the great singers of our time.† Anderson was invited to sing at the White House by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1936- she was the first black artist to perform there- and he invited her back to the White House to sing for a visit by King George and Queen Elizabeth. 1939 Lincoln Memorial Concert 1939 was the year of a highly publicized incident with the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR).  Sol Hurok attempted to engage the DAR’s Constitution Hall for an Easter Sunday concert in Washington, D.C., with Howard University sponsorship, which would have had an integrated audience.  The DAR refused the use of the building, citing their segregation policy.  Hurok went public with the snub, and thousands of DAR members resigned from the organization, including, quite publicly, Eleanor Roosevelt. Black leaders in Washington organized to protest the DAR’s action and to find a new place to hold the concert.  The Washington School Board also refused to host a concert with Anderson, and the protest expanded to include the School Board.  Leaders of Howard University and the NAACP, with the support of Eleanor Roosevelt, arranged with the Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes for a free outdoor concert on the National Mall.  Anderson accepted the offer. On April 9, 1939, Easter Sunday, 1939, Anderson performed on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. An interracial crowd of 75,000 heard her sing in person.  Millions of others heard her as well because the concert was broadcast on the radio.  She opened with â€Å"My Country ‘Tis of Thee.† The program also included â€Å"Ave Maria† by Schubert, â€Å"America,† â€Å"Gospel Train,† and â€Å"My Soul Is Anchored in the Lord.† Some see this incident and the concert as the opening of the civil rights movement.  Though she did not choose political activism, Anderson became a symbol of the struggle for civil rights. The War Years In 1941, Franz Rupp became Anderson’s pianist.  They toured together across the United States and South America and began recording with RCA.  Anderson had made several recordings for HMV in the late 1920s and 1930s, but this arrangement with RCA led to many more records.  As with her concerts, the recordings included German lieder and spirituals. In 1943, Anderson married Orpheus King Fisher, an architect. They had known each other in high school when she stayed at his family’s home after a benefit concert in Wilmington, Delaware; he had later married and had a son.  The couple moved to a farm in Connecticut, which they called Marianna Farms. King designed them a home with a music studio. Doctors discovered a cyst on Andersons esophagus in 1948, and she submitted to an operation to remove it. While the cyst threatened to damage her voice, the operation also endangered her voice.  For two months she was not allowed to speak and there were fears that she might have suffered permanent damage.  But she recovered and her voice was not affected by the procedure. Opera Debut Earlier in her career, Anderson had refused several invitations to perform in operas, noting that she did not have opera training.  In 1954, however, when she was invited to sing with the Metropolitan Opera in New York by Met manager Rudolf Bing, she accepted the role of Ulrica in Verdi’s A Masked Ball, debuting on January 7, 1955. This role was the first time in the Met’s history that a black singer- American or otherwise- had performed with the opera.  In her first performance, Anderson received a 10-minute ovation when she first appeared and ovations after each aria. The moment was considered momentous enough at the time to warrant a front-page New York Times story. Later Accomplishments In 1956, Anderson published her autobiography, My Lord, What a Morning. She worked with former New York Times critic Howard Taubman, who converted her tapes into the final book. Anderson continued to tour. She was part of presidential inaugurations for both Dwight Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy. In 1963, she sang from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial again as part of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom- the occasion of the â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech by Martin Luther King, Jr. Retirement Anderson retired from concert tours in 1965.  Her farewell tour included 50 American cities.  Her final concert was on Easter Sunday at Carnegie Hall. After her retirement, she lectured and sometimes narrated recordings, including the â€Å"Lincoln Portrait† by Aaron Copeland. Andersons husband died in 1986. She lived on her Connecticut farm until 1992, when her health began to fail. She moved to Portland, Oregon, to live with her nephew James DePreist, the music director of the Oregon Symphony. Death After a series of strokes, Anderson died of heart failure in Portland in 1993, at the age of 96.  Her ashes were interred in Philadelphia in her mother’s grave at Eden Cemetery. Legacy Anderson is widely considered one of the greatest American singers of the 20th century. In 1963, she was given the Presidential Medal of Freedom; she later received the Congressional Gold Medal and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. A documentary film about her 1939 Lincoln Memorial performance was added to the National Film Registry in 2001. Sources Anderson, Marian. My Lord, What a Morning: an Autobiography. University of Illinois Press, 2002.Keiler, Allan. Marian Anderson: a Singers Journey. University of Illinois Press, 2002.Vehanen, Kosti, and George J. Barnett. Marian Anderson, a Portrait. Greenwood Press, 1970.

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En effet, dans la socià ©tà © du XXIà ¨ sià ¨cle, le sport prend une place importante car il và ©hicule de nombreuses valeurs et gà ©nà ¨re, pour les entreprises, une forte puissance de communication. Depuis la moitià © du XIXà ¨me sià ¨cle, lapparition du sport moderne a permis de faire comprendre aux entreprises limportance de ce phà ©nomà ¨ne. Le sport occupe une place considà ©rable depuis larrivà ©e des lois sur larà ©duction du temps de travail. Les individus jouissent dà ¨s lors dun temps libre plus importante et peuvent pratiquer de nouveaux loisirs. Le mot  «sport », qui signifie  «divertissement » en anglais, fait prà ©cisà ©ment partie de ces loisirs. Le sport peut à ªtre pratiquà © individuellement ou collectivement et il sadresse à   tous, quel que soit là ¢ge, la catà ©gorie socioprofessionnelle, ou mà ªme, en quelque sorte, là ©tat de santà © de lindividu. En effet, il existe des sports pour les handicapà ©s. Selon la Charte Olympique,  «la pratique du sport est un droit de lhomme. Tout individu doit avoir la possibilità © de pratiquer le sport selon ses besoins ». Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? Il existe un à ©ventail trà ¨s large dactività ©s physiques, permettant à   beaucoup de personnes dexercer un sport. Aujourdhui,le sport fait intà ©gralement partie de notre socià ©tà ©et il và ©hicule de nombreuses valeurs positives. Cest pourquoi il reprà ©sente un moteur à ©conomique important. Eichberg (1979) parle à ©galement de  «marchandisation  » du sport en ce sens que le commerce des articles de sport se dà ©veloppe de plus en plus. Face à   cette ampleur du sport dans notre socià ©tà ©, le marketing sest dà ©veloppà © progressivement. Cest le football qui fut le premier sport à   utiliser le marketing sportif avec larrivà ©e des joueurs professionnels. Ainsi, le sport est devenu un business à   part entià ¨re. Diffà ©rents acteurs utilisent le sport comme support marketing: Ø Les organismes sportifs: les ligues, les fà ©dà ©rations, les clubs peuvent à ªtre inclus. Ils mettent en place des stratà ©gies de marque qui permettent daugmenter leur notorià ©tà © et de vendre des produits dà ©rivà ©s. Les exemples les plus significatifs sont ceux des clubs de football comme lOlympique Lyonnais, le Paris Saint Germain†¦ Ø Les à ©quipementiers sportifs: ils sappuient sur le sport et les sportifs dans le but damà ©liorer leur image de marque et daugmenter les ventes. Les marques telles que Nike, Adidas et Reebok sont les plus connues du grand public. Ø Les mà ©dias sportifs: ils diffusentles à ©và ©nements sportifs et transmettent de linformation en relation directe avec le sport. Le quotidien lEquipe en est un exemple. Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? Aujourdhui, certaines marques nayant aucun lien direct avec le sport, utilisent pourtant celui-ci pour accroà ®tre leur image. En effet, les grands champions sont une valeur ajoutà ©e pour lentreprise car les consommateurs peuvent sidentifier en eux. Laure Manaudou, par exemple, est là ©gà ©rie de la marque Lancel, dans le secteur du luxe. II. Justification de la problà ©matique Le phà ©nomà ¨ne du sport a vu son image se transformer au cours de ses dernià ¨res annà ©es en passant de loisir à   business. Les entreprises ont compris que le sport pouvait les aider à   accroà ®tre leur notorià ©tà ©, à   modifier leur image, à   booster leurs ventes et donc à   augmenter leur chiffre daffaire. Le marketing sportif à ©tant un sujet trà ¨s large, je me suis intà ©ressà © à   la faà §on dont les marques pouvaient lutiliser. Les entreprises peuvent tout dabord utiliser le marketing sportif comme outil de communication, cest-à  -dire, tout ce qui constitue informations, messages ou signaux à ©mis par lentreprise en direction de ses publics. De multiples canaux de communication sont empruntà ©s dans le but de faire passer les messages : les mass mà ©dias, le packaging de lemballage des produits, les opà ©rations promotionnelles, les relations publiques, les à ©và ©nements, etc. Restà ©e longtemps marginale, la communication constitue dà ©sormais une des plus grosses parts du budget de la plupart des entreprises et elle occupe ainsi une place trà ¨s importante au sein des socià ©tà ©s. Considà ©rà ©e comme un investissement à   long terme, les techniques de communication ont beaucoup à ©voluà © au cours du XXà ¨ sià ¨cle pour devenir finalement irremplaà §ables. Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? Les marques utilisent gà ©nà ©ralement le sponsoring pour crà ©er un lien direct avec le consommateur. Le parrainage peut à ªtre soit tà ©là ©visà ©, soit directement avec le sportif ou une à ©quipe sportive. Le sponsoring sportif a plusieurs objectifs: Ø Tout dabord, le sponsoring permet de rendre une marque crà ©dible. Il contribue à   dà ©montrer la performance technique dun service ou dun produit qui intervient directement ou indirectement à   un à ©và ©nement. Par exemple, si un champion porte des baskets Nike lors de ces victoires, les spectateurs en dà ©duisent que les baskets sont de bonne qualità ©. Ø Une entreprise utilise le sponsoring pour augmenter sa notorià ©tà © aux yeux des consommateurs, voire pour modifier son image si celle-ci est dà ©tà ©riorà ©e. Ø Enfin, le sponsoring permet de dynamiser le rà ©seau de distribution dune entreprise en dà ©veloppant des partenariats dans le but daugmenter les ventes. Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? III. Concepts: mots clà ©s Ø Le marketing Les premià ¨res notions arrivent au XVIIà ¨ et XVIIIà ¨ sià ¨cles en France et en Grande-Bretagne mais cette discipline reste rà ©cente. Elle fait son apparition au milieu du XXà ¨ sià ¨cle lors de la dà ©couverte de la socià ©tà © de consommation: les entreprises se multiplient et la concurrence sintensifie. Daprà ¨s le Mercator, le marketing peut se dà ©finir comme à ©tant  «leffort dadaptation des organisations à   des marchà ©s concurrentiels, pour influencer en leur faveur le comportement des publics dont elles dà ©pendent, par une offre dont la valeur perà §ue est durablement supà ©rieure à   celle des concurrents ». Le marketing se dà ©compose en quatre composantes (le marketing-mix): la politique de produit: consiste à   concevoir, organiser et renouveler ce que lentreprise vend à   ses clients. la politique de prix: lobjectif est de rà ©duire le prix pour à ªtre le plus attractif possible. la politique de communication: permet dinfluencer les attitudes et les comportements du consommateur. la politique de distribution: proposer le produit au bon endroit, en bonne quantità © et au bon moment. Le marketing constitue donc un effort dadaptation pour influencer les consommateurs dans leur acte dachat. Il est à ©galement ce qui permet de crà ©er de la valeur sur le long terme Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? Ø Le sport Cette notion est apparue au cours du XVIIIà ¨ sià ¨cle, le mot dorigine anglaise signifiant divertissement, plaisir physique et ou de lesprit. Le sport est dà ©fini comme à ©tant une actività © physique codifià ©e et rà ©glementà ©e pouvant à ªtre individuelle ou collective. Il peut soit impliquer de participer à   des compà ©titions, soit de le pratiquer sous forme de loisir comme la randonnà ©e, le và ©lo, etc. Une multitude de sports pouvant convenir à   tous, le sport est donc inscrit comme un phà ©nomà ¨ne majeur dans nos socià ©tà ©s. Si certains sports (football, basket-ball, rugby, tennis, cyclisme†¦) sont davantage mà ©diatisà ©s que certains autres (curling, escrime, pà ªche, badminton, waterpolo†¦), le sport dans son ensemble est aujourdhui devenu une  « industrie  » à   part entià ¨re. La structure sur laquelle repose cette nouvelle industrie ainsi que les opportunità ©s de consommation quelle gà ©nà ¨re là ©gitiment lapproche marketing. Enfin, grà ¢ce aux valeurs positives quil và ©hicule naturellement, le sport peut rapidement devenir un trà ¨s bon vecteur de communication institutionnelle. Ø Le marketing sportif Il sagit dune dà ©clinaison du marketing ayant pour objectif dutiliser le sport, son image et ses acteurs au profit des produits et/ou de lentreprise. Daprà ¨s Michel DESBORDES le marketing sportif peut se dà ©finir comme à ©tant  «lensemble des outils et des mà ©thodes qui utilisent de faà §on directe ou indirecte le sport, son image et ses acteurs dans le but de susciter un besoin, de commercialiser un produit/servicequi rà ©ponde à   ce besoin et de le vendre ». Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? Le marketing sportif est de plus en plus utilisà © par les entreprises pour augmenter leur notorià ©tà © et/ou modifier leur image.  « Si le marketing sportif peut permettre de crà ©er de nouvelles opportunità ©s dinnovation, soit en dà ©veloppant de nouveaux usages, soit en fiabilisant de nouvelles technologies, il permet aussi une meilleure diffusion de nouveaux produits dont linnovation est de nature plus incrà ©mentale  » observent Thierry Lardinoit et Emmanuelle Le Nagard. Ø Le sponsoring En trente ans, le sponsoring a beaucoup à ©voluà © tant au niveau de sa conception, que du point de vue opà ©rationnel et stratà ©gique. Il occupe donc aujourdhui une place prà ©pondà ©rante. On peut le dà ©finir comme à ©tant une technique de communication qui consiste pour une entreprise à   contribuer financià ¨rement, matà ©riellement et/ou techniquement à   une action sociale, culturelle ou sportive, à   lentraà ®nement dun sportif, etc. Il permet ainsi daccroà ®tre la notorià ©tà © des entreprises, damà ©liorer leur image dans loptique de retirer des bà ©nà ©fices mais aussi de rendre ses produits crà ©dibles. Le sponsoring sportif consiste pour une entreprise/marque à   apporter un soutien financier ou matà ©riel à   un à ©và ©nement, une fà ©dà ©ration ou une à ©quipe sportive. Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? Le sponsoring sportif vise à   persuader les publics assistant à   là ©và ©nement sportif dun lien existant entre cet à ©và ¨nement (ou sportif) et lentreprise qui communique. (Gary Tribou  «Sponsoring sportif » Ø Le produit sportif Bien que celui-ci reste difficile à   dà ©finir parce quil reprà ©sente une large produit, on peut le caractà ©riser comme ayant un lien sà ©mantique fort avec la pratique sportive. On peut donc inclure les và ªtements spà ©cifiques (baskets, joggings†¦), les matà ©riaux spà ©cifiques (perche, ski, manique†¦), les boissons et les aliments à ©nergisants. Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? Ø La marque Elle permet au consommateur de distinguer le produit ou service dune entreprise de ceux proposà ©s par la concurrence. La marque peut à ªtre matà ©rialisà ©e par un nom propre, un mot, une expression ou un symbole visuel. Grà ¢ce à   limage qui lui est associà ©e, la marque peut aider le consommateur à   justifier ses choix et ainsi à   à ªtre valorisà ©. De plus, la marque favorise la reconnaissance sociale des produits et simplifie lacte dachat rà ©pà ©titif. Tout un ensemble de signes permettent de reconnaà ®treune marque : Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? Ø Notorià ©tà © Cest un facteur pour une marque, un produit ou une entreprise qui dà ©pend de la connaissance et de son degrà © de prà ©sence dans lesprit des individus. Les deux unità ©s de mesure sont la notorià ©tà © spontanà ©e (exemple :  «Citez une marque de và ªtement de sport ») et la notorià ©tà © assistà ©e (exemple dune liste de marques de và ªtements de sport: «lesquelles connaissez-vous? ») Ø Image de marque Limage dune entreprise, dune marque ou dun produit, correspond à   la faà §on dont celles-ci sont perà §ues par les consommateurs. Cette impression peut se dà ©terminer par des crità ¨res subjectifs (exemple : un produit de jeunes) ou par des crità ¨res objectifs (exemple : limage dun produit haut de gamme à   prix à ©levà ©). Selon Aaker (1994) limage de marque  «Ãƒ ©tant un ensemble dassociations, pouvant à ªtre affectives et cognitives, et quun individu va associer à   une marque. Une image de marque va alors se construire à   travers lexpà ©rience du consommateur face à   cette marque et/ou à   travers lexposition rà ©pà ©tà ©e à   la communication de la marque. » Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? IV. Synthà ¨se provisoire de littà ©rature Daprà ¨s les articles que jai lu, traitant du marketing sportif, trois hypothà ¨ses mont paru intà ©ressant à   dà ©gager afin de dà ©limiter les contours du sujet de cette thà ¨se et afin, par la suite, daboutir à   un rà ©sultat. Hypothà ¨se 1: Le sport est populaire. Le sport a toujours existà © : sauter, courir, nager sont des actività ©s qui existent depuis le dà ©but de lhumanità ©. Puis il sest dà ©veloppà © grà ¢ce aux Jeux-Olympique dans la Grà ¨ce antique. Cest, depuis quelques annà ©es, un phà ©nomà ¨ne majeur de nos socià ©tà ©s dans les domaines à ©conomiques, culturels et sociaux. Il est important de connaà ®tre sa nature et en particulier les aspects qui peuvent justifier un tel engouement de la part des individus. En effet, le sport apparaà ®t comme populaire et joue un rà ´le important dans la mondialisation. Souvent le pays ou la ville sont connus par les exploits de son à ©quipe de sport. Selon le sociologue du sport Jacques Defrance (1997),  « le sport remplit des fonctions symboliques et produit des figures de la communautà © dappartenance, de lexcellence individuelle et de la rà ©ussite  ». C. Bromberger (1995) va jusquà   parler de socià ©tà ©  « footballisà ©e  » pour suggà ©rer que les grands à ©và ©nements sportifs tendent à   devenir des rites communautaires. Le sport et là ©ducation partagent de nombreuses valeurs communes, comme lacquisition des savoirs, savoir-à ªtre et savoir-faire. Plus prà ©cisà ©ment, le sport contribue au dà ©veloppement des compà ©tences et à   la dà ©couverte de la tolà ©rance et de lesprit dà ©quipe. Il incite à ©galement au respect des lois et des rà ¨glements. Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? Pour rà ©sumer, le sport contribue, tout simplement, à   lapprentissage de la vie citoyenne. Ce constat rà ©sulte dun rà ©el dà ©veloppement des actività ©s sportives, notamment pour les plus jeunes. Au-delà   de la dimension citoyenne quil incarne à   là ©cole ou encore dans les salles de sports des quartiers populaires, le sport và ©hicule des valeurs traditionnelles et morales telles que le goà »t de leffort, la loyautà © et le respect de lautre. Le sport enseigne le savoir-vivre ensemble à   toutes les personnes qui sy adonnent. Les pratiques sportives favorisent aussi les relations intergà ©nà ©rationnelles, linsertion sociale et lintà ©gration dans une socià ©tà © donnà ©e. Quil sagisse de la pratique de haut niveau ou de la pratique damateur, lenjeu sportif est majeur. Le sport amà ¨ne au dà ©passement de soi et à   là ©panouissement personnel lors des compà ©titions ou dentrainements. Les valeurs apportà ©es par le sport sont la fraternità ©, lesprit de solidarità ©, laltruisme et la gà ©nà ©rosità ©. Lesprit dà ©quipe est souvent perà §u positivement en sport : lorsque là ©quipe gagne, lindividu gagne aussi. Les individus pratiquent un sport plus quun autre selon là ¢ge et le niveau de vie. Il y a 78% des Franà §ais pratiquent une actività © physique et les taux de sportifs ne cessent daugmenter. Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? Tableau à ©volution des effectifs des fà ©dà ©rations (Desbordes M., Ohl F., Tribou G.  «Le marketing du sport », 2eme à ©dition, 2001). Discipline Licences en 1995 Licences en 1997 Evolution en % Canoà «-kayak Sports de glace Badminton Equitation Gymnastique Judo Golf Volley-ball Natation Athlà ©tisme Football Boxe 26 068 39 106 36 879 325 452 162 225 489074 236864 91029 167929 147932 2055610 15 488 86 072 63265 51 646 367323 182390 543016 261058 100545 179578 152769 2056684 15 484 + 233% + 62% + 40 % + 13% + 12% + 11% + 10% + 10% + 7% + 3% 0% 0% De plus, le sport est populaire par le spectacle quil offre : les individus vont regarder un match de football comme ils vont voir un chanteur sur scà ¨ne. Je ne suis pas sà »re que ce soit vraiment comparable. Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? Le sport est passà © de loisir à   business en quelques annà ©es, et son marchà © global en France est de 28,6 milliards dEuros. Aujourdhui, les consommateurs dà ©tournent les produits sportifs et font souvent des usages non sportifs de ces biens. Ils achà ¨tent des joggings et des baskets pour les porter tous les jours et non uniquement pour faire du sport. Seulement 46% des baskets et 34% des và ªtements sportifs sont rà ©ellement utilisà ©s pour faire du sport. Le sport nest donc plus seulement une pratique mais un à ©tat desprit et de nos jours à   une vraie  «sportisation » se met en place au sein de la socià ©tà ©. Par exemple, les hommes prà ©fà ¨rent porter des polos plutà ´t que des chemises. Quelle influence les valeurs và ©hiculà ©es par le sport ont-elles sur les consommateurs? Le sport diffuse ses valeurs propres mais il devient de plus en plus violent et dà ©passe certaines limites. Les matchs de football, par exemple, ressemblent à   un affrontement entre les supporters. Il serait donc intà ©ressant de savoir si les dà ©rives du sport nauront pas dinfluence sur le marchà ©. Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? Hypothà ¨se 2: Le sponsoring sportif est un support marketing pertinent. Le sponsoring sportif remonte aux temps de la Grà ¨ce et de la Rome antiques. A cette à ©poque, les individus exploitaient dà ©jà   les Jeux romains comme outil de commerce. Cà ©sar lui-mà ªme avait fait sa propre publicità © / campagne dans le but de gagner des votes en finanà §ant des combats de gladiateurs en 65 av. J.-C. Il à ©tait totalement conscient des retombà ©es que ce financement pouvait lui procurer. Les entreprises utilisent le sport comme support marketing et surtout comme outil de communication. Depuis la moitià © du XIXà ¨me, lapparition du sport moderne a permis de faire comprendre aux entreprises la puissance de communication de ce phà ©nomà ¨ne. En effet, lassociation dunemarqueou dune entreprise à   une compà ©tition, un à ©và ¨nement sportif, un club voire un sportif professionnel, permet davoir des retombà ©es mà ©diatiques importantes et donc dattirer le consommateur. Si le sponsoring existe dans le sport, cest parce quil và ©hicule des valeurs qui permettent aux marques de mettre en place des stratà ©gies pour augmenter leur notorià ©tà © et modifier ainsi leurimagede marque. Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? Le sport arrive en premià ¨re position à   la question  «Que parrainent les entreprises ? »: (Tableau de Westphalen M.-H. (2003), Le Communicator, Paris, Bordas, p. 347) Dans quel domaine pratiquez-vous le parrainage? Dans quel domaine envisager-vous de le pratiquer dans lavenir? Sport Culture Social-humanitaire Programmes audiovisuels Education formation Environnement Patrimoine Sciences et techniques Exploit-aventure 55% 44% 37% 30% 26% 19% 17% 13% 10% 58% 47% 40% 21% 31% 37% 17% 17% 13% Le sponsor utilise la communication par le sport pour poursuivre diffà ©rents objectifs: augmenter sa notorià ©tà © et se faire connaà ®tre du grand public en informant sur sa marque, son nom, son produit ; avoir un objectif conatif, cest-à  -dire à ªtre apprà ©cià © du public, và ©hiculer une image positive du produit, de la marque ou de lorganisation ; Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? avoir une influence sur le comportement du consommateur, linciter à   acheter, le faire venir dans le magasin ; motiver son personnel, lamener à   se rassembler autour dun mà ªme projet et donc favoriser un esprit dà ©quipe ou une culture dentreprise. Le sport est aussi un moyen datteindre un public mondial et il est adaptà © à   la rà ©alisation de divers objectifs de marketing, tels que: populariser davantage la marque et sensibiliser le public; changer le profil de la marque; ce qui veut dire? renforcer la marque / produit ; crà ©er une reconnaissance mondiale des produits ; attirer des nouveaux segments de marchà ©; dà ©velopper le rà ©seau de distribution; Le sponsoring est donc un outil marketing au service de la marque et il permet un aux consommateurs ciblà ©s de sen rapprocher. Les sponsors veulent montrer que leurs produits sont de bonne qualità © grà ¢ce à   la preuve produit: à ªtre là ©quipementier dune à ©quipe qui gagne ou le fournisseur officiel dun à ©và ©nement qui rà ©ussit prouve que le produit est crà ©dible. Par exemple, dà ¨s 1981, Michelin, offre des pneus aux coureurs cyclistes et aux pilotes dautomobiles ou encore, Festina qui assure le chronomà ©trage du Tour de France. Les sponsors doivent veiller à   revoir leurs stratà ©gies avant chaque à ©và ©nement parce quen cas de contre-performance du sportif ou de là ©quipe de sport, les ventes de la marque peuvent diminuer. Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? Linvestissement dans le sponsoring sportif est devenu un levier stratà ©gique de croissance pour les entreprises. Les athlà ¨tes eux-mà ªmes sont devenus, surtout depuis la  « Zidanemania  » post 1998, des icà ´nes de socià ©tà © et des porte-paroles efficaces pour les marques. Maintenant, il est difficile pour un consommateur de retenir les nombreuses marques qui sponsorisent les à ©và ©nements sportifs. Comment une marque peut-elle faire pour attirer plus encore lattention du consommateur et rester concurrentielle ? Cette question se pose aussi en ce qui concerne les marques nagissant pas dans le mà ªme secteur. Existe-il plusieurs types de sponsoring sportif? Il serait intà ©ressant, à ©galement, de savoir quels sont les retours sur investissement de natureà ©conomique mais aussi symbolique. Sur le plan à ©conomique, le sponsoring permet de faire augmenter lechiffre daffaireou la part demarchà ©de lentreprise à   plus ou moins long terme. Les indicateurs pour rà ©aliser ces calculs sont assez faciles à   mettre en place. Nà ©anmoins, la part que joue le sponsoring dans les rà ©sultats à ©conomiques est plus difficile à   dà ©terminer. Le sport và ©hicule un certain nombre de valeurs et est devenu un à ©là ©ment important dans lacte dachat du consommateur. Ainsi, sassocier à   un à ©và ¨nement sportif qui và ©hicule des valeurs positives, cest donner à   sa marque une valeur affective. Afin de calculer le rà ©el impact dun sponsor, il faut effectuer des sondages avant et aprà ¨s là ©và ¨nement. Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? Hypothà ¨se 3: Limage de marque est primordiale pour lentreprise. Limage permet de crà ©er de la valeur pour la marque pour diffà ©rentes raisons: aider le consommateur dans son acte dachat à   traiter linformation quil reà §oit.En effet, une image ou un logo synthà ©tise un ensemble de caractà ©ristiques. Ceci facilite la communication de lentreprise; fournir aux entreprises un avantage commercial compà ©titif et permettre à   celles-ci de se diffà ©rencier de leurs concurrents ; donner au consommateur des raisons dacheter; -dà ©velopper des attitudes positivesen associant des personnages, des symboles à   la communication de la marque ; permettre daider à   la crà ©ation dextension de marques(des traits dimage, peuvent aider une extension par la cohà ©rence existante entre la marque et le nouveau produit). Les marques utilisent les sportifs comme des leaders dopinion car ce sont les personnalità ©s les plus apprà ©cià ©es du grand public notamment pour leurs valeurs / qualità ©s humaines. Le choix de lactività © sportive par le sponsor sopà ¨re en fonction du coà »t, du temps imparti et de la concurrence. Le choix du sportif en lui-mà ªme relà ¨ve de la stratà ©gie retenue par lentreprise. On peut prendre lexemple de Lacoste et dAdidas qui sponsorisent tous les deux des tennismen. Lacoste choisit des athlà ¨tes dont la rà ©putation est dà ªtre  «sages » pour correspondre à   limage de la marque alors quAdidas va plutà ´t choisir des athlà ¨tes plus turbulents mais cosmopolites. Pour les sponsors, il est important de choisir un sportif qui và ©hicule limage de la marque. Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? La popularità © des sportifs est un atout dont les publicitaires ne peuvent se passer. Les diffà ©rentes marques sponsorisent les plus grands sportifs de la planà ¨te pour vanter les mà ©rites de leurs produits. Cependant, le pouvoir mà ©diatique des sportifs est tellement important, que certaines marques utilisent leur image pour vendre des produits qui nont pas de relation directe avec le sport. Les publicitaires utilisent alors certaines des valeurs và ©hiculà ©es par le sport : courage et dà ©passement de soi, esprit collectif, dynamisme, performance et esprit de compà ©tition, etc Tony Estanguet, champion Olympique de kayac, vente alors les mà ©rites du fournisseur en à ©lectricità ©. La relation entre celui-ci et les centrales hydrauliques est pourtant loin dà ªtre à ©vidente. Nà ©anmoins, il existe un bà ©nà ©fice pour les deux parties: pour le kayakiste qui na pas les retombà ©es financià ¨res et mà ©diatiques dun footballeur et pour lannonceur qui se sert de leffet post Jeux-Olympiques. Cela apparaà ®t comme contradictoire lorsque les sportifs vantent les mà ©rites de produits qui sont dà ©conseillà ©s aux sportifs de haut niveau. Ce ne sont sà »rement pas les bonbons Haribo, Macdonald (fournisseur officiel des Jeux-Olympiques), les boissons sucrà ©es qui permettent aux sportifs dà ªtre plus forts. On peut se demander si avec la montà ©e de lobà ©sità ©, ces sponsors sont une solution. Autrefois, mà ªme les marques de tabac et dalcool à ©taient des sponsors pour des à ©quipes de sport ou des sportifs. Il est parfois hypocrite pour une marque dutiliser un produit qui est dangereux pour la santà © tout en promouvant une actività © qui donne un exemple de vie saine et convenable. Les marques dà ©jà   connues se permettent de sponsoriser un à ©và ©nement sportif, une à ©quipe de sport ou un sportif alors quelles nont rien à   voir avec le sport. En revanche, il est apparu que les marques peu connues devaient avoir un lien avec le sport. Tout dà ©pend donc de la là ©gitimità © de la marque dans lunivers du sport. Il serait intà ©ressant de savoir comment les sponsors choisissent les sportifs pour và ©hiculer les valeurs de leur marque et quels sont les facteurs clà ©s de succà ¨s. Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? V. Plan provisoire I. Du sport au Marketing 1.Evolution du sport 2. Evolution du marketing 3. Le marketing sportif II. Le sponsoring sportif 1. Outil de communication 2. Les objectifs 3. Limites III. Le sponsoring sportif dans le milieu du luxe 1. Marchà © du luxe 2. Les marques de luxe et le sponsoring sportif IV. Conclusion (Pour la partie III, jaimerais lorienter en fonction de mon stage en alternance) Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? VI. Mà ©thodologie danalyse terrain Aprà ¨s avoir và ©rifià © mes hypothà ¨ses grà ¢ce à   mes lectures, je dois, à   travers des analyses quantitatives et qualitatives, les tester sur le terrain, cest-à  -dire en milieu concret. Tout dabord, avant dexpliquer la mà ©thodologie retenue, voici les dà ©finitions dune analyse qualitative, puis dune analyse quantitative. Analyse qualitative:  «Etude destinà ©e à   comprendre des attitudes ou comportement dutilisateurs, de prospects ou de clients face à   un produit, un service ou une marque, menà ©e par le biais dentretiens individuels ou collectifs en petit nombre, en rà ©coltant des informations et à ©là ©ments qualitatifs, gà ©nà ©ralement non chiffrables. » Source: http://www.marketing-etudiant.fr/definitions/e/etude-qualitative.php Analyse quantitative:  «Collecte dinformations permettant là ©tude des comportements, attentes ou opinions rà ©alisà ©e auprà ¨s dun à ©chantillon de la population et dont les rà ©sultats chiffrà ©s sont ensuite extrapolà ©s à   lensemble de la population à ©tudià ©e. » Source: http://www.marketing-etudiant.fr/definitions/e/etude-quantitative.php Dans le but de và ©rifier les trois hypothà ¨ses formulà ©es prà ©cà ©demment, jaimerais interviewer des spà ©cialistes du marketing sportif, des sponsors, des sportifs de haut-niveau et des consommateurs. Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? Pour lhypothà ¨se 1: il serait intà ©ressant de questionner une trentaine de personnes (par le biais dun questionnaire), pratiquant le sport, et qui sont à ¢gà ©es de 10 à   60 ans. Ceci me permettrait de mieux connaà ®tre leurs reprà ©sentations sur le monde du sport (savoir, par exemple, quelles sont les valeurs và ©hiculà ©es par le sport selon eux) ainsi que leurs pratiques (pourquoi ils pratiquent le sport, quel sport, à   quel frà ©quence). Les non sportifs aussi pourront à ªtre interrogà ©s afin de savoir pourquoi ils ne pratiquent pas de sport, sils regardent quand mà ªme le sport à   la tà ©là ©vision†¦ Pour lhypothà ¨se 2: Jaimerais interviewer Thierry Lardinoit, spà ©cialiste du marketing sportif. De plus, jaimerais faire des à ©tudes avant et aprà ¨s un à ©và ©nement sportif pour calculer le rà ©el retour sur investissement dune marque qui le sponsorise. Je pense quil serait aussi intà ©ressant davoir lavi